Women’s History Month/Immigrant #49 ~ Third Great Grandmother Louisa Anna Elisabetha Gerbing Schuttler ~ Mother of my first American born ancestor

My immigrant third great grandmother Louisa Gerbing Schuttler was born in 1836 in Vieselbach, Prussia and came to the United States in 1852 with her immediate family at the age of 16.  She is the mother of my first American born ancestor.

Louisa Anna Elisabetha Gerbing was born to Martha Nicolai from Niederzimmern and Johann Friedrich Gerbing from Vieselbach.  As my previous post on her parents mentions, her father was a mason by trade.  She was their third oldest child and oldest daughter.

In 1852 she left Hamburg for Quebec City, Quebec in a voyage that would take approximately three months.

The following siblings came with Louisa:

Franz (Frank) Gerbing

Christian Gerbing

Dorothea (Dora) Gerbing 

Mary Gerbing  

On December 4, 1853, Louisa married another German immigrant – my third great grandfather Johann Schuttler – in St. Paul’s First Lutheran Church in Chicago.  The minister that performed their wedding ceremony was Reverend Wunder.  In case you are wondering why the year of birth on her marriage record is not 1836, and for more about their marriage record, please see my previous post  Today’s Anniversary ~ Third Great Grandparents Louisa Gerbing and Johann Schuttler ~.

Nine months later, Louisa had her first child – Christine Catharina (Katy) Schuttler (my ancestress), 1854-1915.  She married immigrant Frederick “Fritz” Eckebrecht.

The rest of her children are as follows:

Karl Wilhelm (Charles) Schuttler, 1856-1896; married Delia Bolton

Elisabetha (Louise) Maria Schuttler, 1858-1922; married Edward Fuller

Loretta Schuttler, 1863-1864

In September 1864, Loretta and Louisa contracted cholera during an outbreak in Chicago.  My third great grandmother lost Loretta on September 9th.  Two days later, Louisa also passed.  She was only 28 years old.  My second great grandmother was only 10.

To bury his wife and 1 year old daughter, my third great grandfather Johann bought what I call “The Schuttler and descendants burial plot” in Graceland Cemetery, Chicago.  Through the suggestion of another researcher, I ordered a copy of the Schuttler cemetery file and was lucky enough to find an affidavit verifying a graph of Johann’s descendants drawn out in the early 1900s inside the file.  (There will be more on this file and my struggle searching for the parents of Johann Schuttler of Peter Schuttler Wagon Company in the next 52 Ancestors in 52 Weeks Challenge “Brick Wall.”)

Louisa counts the following individuals among her descendants:

• Her daughter Louise Fuller is buried in historic Congressional Cemetery – National Burial Ground on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C.
• Her great grandson Colonel Gerard M. Leies is buried in Arlington National Cemetery
• Her great great grandson (through her son Charles Schuttler) was Sergeant Glenn Charles Stromback and is on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Panel 46W, Line 24.  He was a Purple Heart Recipient.  See: His Memorial Page

Please contact me if I have missed someone!  I obviously haven’t found all of her descendants.

The photo below is a picture of my second great grandmother Katy Schuttler.  It was said she had red hair.  I wonder if she took after her mother.

Sources:

Hamburg Passenger Lists

Vieselbach, Germany Lutheran Church Records

St. Paul’s First Lutheran Church Records

1860 Federal Census

Graceland Cemetery’s file

Find-a-Grave

-cinziarosagenealogy@comcast.net

Women’s History Month/52 Ancestors in 52 Weeks: #13 In the Papers ~ Great Grandmother Helen Kirsch Ferraro – Witness in the Murder Case of Mrs. Louise Gentry ~

This week’s 52 Ancestors in 52 Weeks Challenge is in the papers.  My great grandmother Helen Kirsch Ferraro was a protected witness in a Chicago murder case that involved an international manhunt on 3 continents before she met and married my great grandfather.  All of the information I found concerning the murder, manhunt, and trial came from old newspapers.

My great grandmother had become acquainted with a man that later was wanted for murder while she worked in an Italian “boot-blacking” shop on Clark Street in Chicago. Because she had seen perpetrator Frank Constantine get in a car near the scene of the crime, and because of the amount of national press coverage the investigation garnered, the Chicago Police Department sent her to Poughkeepsie, NY to identify him with a different name.  Below is a 3 year old blog post I offer this week’s challenge.  The only sources available about the investigation and crime were newspaper articles because the case file has been destroyed.  Because it gained nationwide attention, I was able to use articles from allover the country.

Great Grandmother Helen Kirsch, witness in the 1906 murder case of Mrs. Louise Gentry

 

–cinziarosagenealogy@comcast.net

Women’s History Month/52 Ancestors in 52 Weeks: #12 ~ A Letter to and from 8th Great Grandmother Anna Mueller Rubeli~

This week’s 52 Ancestors in 52 Weeks challenge during Women’ History Month is 12. For my 12th challenge, I am choosing to write a letter to an ancestress.

Dear Great Great Great Great Great Great Great Great Grandmother Anna Mueller – Rubeli,

I am fascinated by your struggles, your family’s migration, and your the time period in which you lived. Because you were born at a time of religious strife in current-day Switzerland, I am keenly aware that had you and your husband not made a life-altering decision for your family, you may have not survived.

I think you may have been born in 1622 in Wattenwil, in the Canton of Bern but am unsure. Therefore, I am unsure of the names of your parents. I know positively that you married my 8th great grandfather Christen Strubel – Rubeli in 1642 in St. Alban’s Reformed Church in Oberdiessbach, Canton Bern.

I know you had 10 children, 8 of which survived to adulthood. My research told me that in the winter of 1672 you took your 6th youngest children with you to the German Palatinate because your Anabaptist faith made it dangerous for you to continue to live in the land of your birth.

Unfortunately, one of your daughters was again made to leave a country because of her faith later in her life. Did you know Madlena was sent to America in 1733 with other Mennonites living in Germany and also died in a foreign country like you? Did you know your son Peter went back to Switzerland after your death and was imprisoned? He was to be sent to America as well.

Thank you for choosing to leave.

What can you tell me about how the choice was made and about your life in the period leading up to your family’s flight before and after 1672, when I discovered that you, my 8th great grandfather, and your children Barbli, young Anna, young Christian, Hans (my 7th great grandfather), Nicholas, and Madlena appeared on a list of refugees kept by the minister of a Mennonite parish near Fischbach bei Dahn, in the German Palatinate?

Sincerely,

One of your thousands of descendants

Dear 8th Great Granddaughter,
Our survival depended on our flight.
From the time of my childhood, believers had been practicing in secret. Authorities were always coming down from Bern to make sure we were attending THEIR church and having children baptized THEIR way. My father would say it was only because the military companies of the nobles they rented to foreign countries were in such disarray did the authorities actually care.
Your 8th great grandfather Christen was a very independent-minded man. His uncle was an Anabaptist preacher named Christian Gungerich who was imprisoned twice for practicing what wasn’t the approved religion. He had been executed in prison the year before we fled. My mother-in-law was not even allowed to keep one piece of furniture from his house. The town officials took all his property with plans to sell it and keep all of the proceeds.
Then, a few months before we left our homeland, men from Bern came to Oberdiessbach and demanded all believing men in the town swear an oath as to their faith – or recant. When your 8th great grandfather refused we feared they would take my mother-in-law or one of your 7th great grandfather’s sisters to prison in Bern as ransom until the men of the family took that false oath. We knew then we could not stay in the canton and thought of perhaps going to Holland.
We were hearing the stories from brethren that if you were able- bodied, the authorities in Bern were taking believers out of the prisons and selling them like livestock to Italian merchants as galley slaves. Leaders like Christian Gungerich, instead of being executed, were being whipped or branded to then be taken away on carts and left at the border with their wounds.
We believed our sons would suffer the fate of being sold to Italy. When winter came our house had already been seized by the authorities. We were given a choice to leave or face branding or slavery. We were homeless. It was not much of a choice. Our survival depended on it.
We hid for a short period of time in the Oberland, and left with the clothes we were wearing following another group of believers. On our way we were given help and encountered others suffering our fate. Most were very young, very old, or lame. Those that traveled with horses did so with the slow, old animals because the authorities had taken their faster valuable livestock. Some men and women traveled without their families. Of the very old, most traveled alone. Would I have the courage at their age I asked myself?
It took us about 4 weeks to make the trip to the Palatinate during the winter.
After we arrived at Fischbach, your 8th great grandfather, and your 7th great grandfather Hans worked daily as laborers on a farm. When we saved enough money, your 8th great grandfather, your many times uncle Peter, and many times uncle Nicholas purchased farmable land and built a small house near Otterberg, Germany and gave it the name Messerschwanderhof.
In 1689, a cruel king in France sent armies to burn the lands of the Palatinate. Before your 8th great grandfather and I could re-unite with our children and grandchildren, who were hiding on an island in the Rhine until the French left the valley, I died in that foreign land – hiding as I did when we left my homeland.
Your 8th great grandfather wandered a bit before he made it home where his sons were beginning the rebuilding of their farm. My grandson Balthasar Rubeli, your 6th great grandfather, was born shortly before the firing of the farm. He became an important man in the village when he grew. He was a Gerichtsschoffe.
I hope my daughter Madlena and son Peter were sent to a welcoming place.
As we received kindness in our flight, please remember it. Tell of how our children could have been ransomed by a corrupt government, and will you, as my descendants, show the same strength and sense of humanity to those like us in your time.
Keep up your hunt for more like me in our branches. They too are waiting for their stories to be remembered.
Sincerely,
Your Ahnfrau

–cinziarosagenealogy@comcast.net

Women’s History Month/52 Ancestors in 52 Weeks #11: Large Family ~ Anna Emidia Lucerini and Her Crazy Birth Record ~

This week’s 52 Ancestors in 52 Weeks prompt is Large Family.  I am choosing to share a story about researching my third great grandmother Anna Emidia Lucerini and her crazy birth record this week.

My third great grandmother Anna Emidia Lucerini was born in 1830 in Farindola.  She was the 5th child of contadini Antonio Lucerini and Giovanna Damiani and 1 of 11 children.  A curious thing happened to her birth record.  This is the link to her original birth record on Antenati.

Anna Emidia was born at about 8 in the morning on June 25, 1830.  At noon that day, her father appeared at the municipal hall to have the birth of his fifth child recorded.  The clerk, or perhaps it was the mayor Serafino Pompei, recorded Antonio and Giovanna had a male baby that was given the name Emidio.

While I was researching this part of my Di Francesco line in Farindola, I knew Anna Emidia’s parents were named Antonio Lucerini and Giovanna Damiani, because I had already found her death record.  I was going through the records by year and adding her siblings when I found this record.  I had just assumed she had a brother named Emidio.

Then when I found Anna Emidia’s marriage record about a year later, I found an interesting document included in the marriage processetti called “Atto di Rettifica di Nome di Anna Emidia Lucerini.”  (or Act of Rectification of the Name of Anna Emidia Lucerini).  This is the Antenati link to that original atto in Farindola’s 1852 Diversi:  Antenati link.

I suppose Antonio Lucerini was illiterate, but what was the clerk or mayor’s excuse?  What are the excuses of the two witnesses as well?

The following are the children Antonio Lucerini and Giovanna Damiani had in Farindola:

Vincenzo born 1825

Pasquale born 1826

Giuditta born 1827

Berardino born 1828

Anna Emidia born 1830

Domenico born 1831

Maria born 1836

Antonio born 1839

Sabatino born 1841, died 1843

Sabatino born 1843

Pietro born 1845

Their last three children were born at a place called Pietralunga near Farindola.

While I researched her mother’s line, I realized that my third great grandmother was likely named for her mother’s older sister named Anna Emidia Damiani.

By the way, Anna Emidia Lucerini’s grandfather Domenico Damiani and her great uncles were murdered 20 years before her birth in 1810 because of a vendetta.  Her mother Giovanna Damiani was only 5 at the time.  Did you know I have 4 people in my Farindolesi tree with Ancestry’s new tree tags using my custom tag “Murdered because of Vendetta.”  But that is a 52 Ancestors in 52 Weeks post for another week! 

Anna Emidia Lucerini married Luigi Di Francesco in 1853.  They would have needed the corrected birth record for their legal marriage to take place.

Next week:  Women’s History Month/52 Ancestors in 52 Weeks #12 – Writing A Letter to An Ancestress

Source:  Antenati

cinziarosagenealogy@comcast.net

 

 

 

 

Women’s History Month/52 Ancestors in 52 Weeks: #10 ~ Bachelorette Aunt ~ Tomassina Carusi, Single Mother and Receiver of Foundlings ~

This week’s 52 Ancestors in 52 Weeks prompt is Bachelor Uncle.  Since this is Women’s History Month, I am continuing my tradition of writing about the women in my tree during the month of March.  So for me, this week’s prompt is Bachelor Aunt.

My 4th great grand aunt Tomassina Carusi was the oldest sister of my 4th great grandmother Francesca Carusi (m. Sabatino Massei).

Tomassina Carusi was likely the oldest child of my 5th great grandparents Nicola Carusi, Cancelliere di Comune di Farindola and Giovanna Marzola.  She was born about 1795-1796 in Farindola.  She was a bachelorette, single mother and had two important jobs in the town.  She was a midwife and she was the Ricevitrice (Receiver) of Foundlings.

In 1824, Tomassina had a daughter to an un-named father whom she named Anna.  She was born in her mother’s house.  Contadino Francesco Dell’Orso notified town hall of the birth.  Anna died three years later.

Around this time period, from perusing the Farindola records on Antenati, Tomassina began to appear on birth records as a midwife.

In 1834, Tomassina had a son to an un-named father whom she named Tito (Giustino).  After his birth, lacemaker Maria Domenica Frattarola notified town hall of the birth. Giustino only lived for 9 months.

In 1836, Tomassina had a daughter named Maria Antonia to an un-named father.  She was born in the home of lacemaker Maria Domenica Frattarola and Contadina Maria Facciolini notified town hall of the birth.

The following is previous information I have written in an older blog post, which updates that previous post:

“While Tomassina’s nephew was Deputato della Casa de Proietti (Deputy of the House of Foundlings) she was the Ricevitrice at the Casa de Proietti at the village church, San Nicola di Bari.

As the town’s Ricevitrice she may have lived near the church. A bell was usually rung when a baby was placed on the foundling wheel.  She took in 4 foundlings in a three year period. All three were “involto con panni laceri, e senza alcun segno visibile” or “wrapped in swaddling clothes, without any visible marks.”  Usually the midwife that found the baby named them. If they had a mark or were left with a specific piece of cloth or jewelry a mother could change her mind and claim her baby if she showed identifying proof left with the baby.

The first baby Tomassina found she named Vitale.  She may have also given him his last name which was Longo.  He was placed on the wheel at 4 in the morning on September 6, 1852. Tomassina took him to her brother’s son Nicola Carusi, the Deputato at the time, and he arranged for Vitale to be baptized the same day.

The second male baby she named Fortunato Bisanti. Either she or the Deputato named him Bisanti.  He was placed on the wheel at the Casa de Proietti at 3 in the morning on September 20, 1852.  She showed him to her nephew.  He was baptized the same day at San Nicola di Bari.

The third baby she named was Placida Rubiconda left on the foundling wheel at 4 in the morning on October 7, 1852.  Rubiconda means ruddy or reddish.  It is possible that Placida had reddish hair or skin.  Tomassina took him to her brother’s son again and her name was recorded.  She was baptized the same day at San Nicola di Bari.

The last baby Tomassina took in she named Elena.  Either Tomassina or the Deputato gave her the beautiful surname Fenice.  Fenice means phoenix. S he was left at the wheel at 5 in the morning on January 15, 1854.  Tomassina showed him to her brother’s son and she was also baptized the same day at San Nicola di Bari.”

 

Tomassina passed away in 1855 and on her death record, she was listed as single and as a midwife.

Maria Antonia Carusi survived to adulthood and went on to marry Saverio Giancaterino from Penne. She passed away in Penne in 1907.  This is a link to their 1857 marriage record at Antenati: Pescara Archivio di Stato, Antenati.

Looking further through the records on Antenati concerning her daughter Maria Antonia and her husband Saverio Giancaterino, Tomassina Carusi likely has descendants alive today.

Source:

Antenati Records for Farindola and Penne

 

Women’s History Month and the ABCs of My Genealogy 2019

 

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March is Women’s History Month, and for this entire month, all of my blog posts will focus on the females in my tree.  This is the second year in a row I am listing alphabetically women from my ancestry.  I will not be using any names from last year.  This is a link to last year’s exercise.

Here we go:

A is for Anna Giuseppa Antonacci, 4th great grandmother, Farindola, Italy, a lacemaker

B is for Barbara Frattarola, 7th great grandmother, Farindola, Italy, unknown

C is for Maria Giovanna Arcangela Cervo, 5th great grandmother, Farindola, Italy, unknown

D is for Anna Elisabetha Dorre, 4th great grandmother, Grossmehlra, Germany, laborer’s wife

E is for Emilia Bold, 2nd great grandmother, Nunschweiler, Germany/Chicago, immigrant and schoolmaster’s daughter

F is for Filomena Napolitano, 2nd great grandmother, Nola, Italy/Columbus, smith’s daughter and immigrant

G is for Johanne Carolina Christine Wilhemine Julianne Geselle, 5th great grandmother, Sankt Andreasberg, Germany, silver miner’s wife

H is for Anna Elisabetha Hinse, 5th great grandmother, Grossmehlra, Germany, unkown

I is for Giovanna Iaderosa, Talanico, Italy, 7th great grandmother, unknown

J is for Johanna Champion, 10th great grandmother, Urbach, France, wife of soldier

K is for Katharina Schuttler, 3rd great grandmother, Chicago, butcher’s wife and daughter of German immigrants

L is for Marie Anne Lauwiner, 5th great grandmother, Ried, Switzerland, unkown

M is for Maria Grazia Marrone, 6th great grandmother, Penne, Italy, unknown

N is for Martha Nicolai, 4th great grandmother, Niederzimmern, Germany/Chicago, mason’s wife and immigrant

O is for Anna Ottilia Schwartz, 6th great grandmother, Zweibrucken, Germany, gerichtschoffe’s daughter

P  is Prudenza Criscuolo, 5th great grandmother, Nola, Italy, Romani/Zingara

Q is for Maria Crocesfissa Marzola, 4th great grandmother, died in San Quirico, Farindola, Italy, midwife’s daughter

R is for Elisabetta Rossi, 2nd great grandmother, Arsita/Farindola, contadina

S is for Maria Giuseppa Salvitti, 4th great grandmother, Farindola, contadina

T is for Maria Giovanna Trignani, 4th great grandmother, Penne, Italy, lacemaker

U is for Anna Ursula Kempf, 7th great grand aunt, Hornbach, Germany, farmer

V is for Vittoria Letieri, 9th great grandmother, Sant’Agnese/San Felice a Cancello, Italy, unknown

X is for Lucrezia X and all of the other women in my tree only listed by first name in records in France, Italy, Switzerland, and Germany

Y is for Anna Margaretha Rubly, 5th great grandmother, Oberhausen, Germany, farmer’s wife.  Her father’s family’s name was Rubeli when they emigrated, and was changed to several new spellings when they were forced out of Switzerland.  Rubly is how I found her name spelled in church records.

Z is for Katherine Ziegler, 8th great grandmother, Volmunster, France, miller’s wife and daughter

Can you name one woman from your ancestry for every letter of the alphabet?

Next: 52 Ancestors in 52 Weeks #10 Bachelorette Aunt

 

 

 

Great Grandmother Helen Kirsch Ferraro: Witness in the 1906 Chicago Murder Case of Mrs. Louise Gentry

Great Grandmother Helen Kirsch Ferraro: Witness in the 1906 Murder Case of Mrs. Louise Gentry

Helen Anne Marie Kirsch was born on September 22, 1887 in Chicago to immigrant parents Louis Fritz Kirsch and Anna Heinzen.  She had a younger brother named Albert. Before she married Carmen Ferraro and had 9 children she was part of a murder investigation that involved an international manhunt on 3 continents.

Helen was 19 when she worked as a cashier at an Italian “bootblacking” shop near the County building on Clark Street in Chicago when she had become casually acquainted with a frequent customer of the shop – Frank Constantine. According to newspaper articles at the time, the shop was apparently frequented by Italians. Frank Constantine was described in the Chicago papers as “showy type of man with his money and wore a lot of diamonds, and a man with many girlfriends.”

Frank Constantine was boarder in the home of Mr. Arthur and Louise Gentry on LaSalle Street and was always borrowing money from the Gentrys. While Mr. Gentry was at work on January 6, 1906, Frank Constantine slashed Mrs. Gentry’s throat in a motive involving money. Fleeing the scene of the crime he ran into a neighbor and asked for a hat, to help hide his identity. The neighbor ran inside to get a hat and encountered the dying Mrs. Gentry.

Constantine didn’t wait for a hat. He ran down the street and hailed a cab. Helen just happened to be going to dinner and stepped outside to see Constantine drive away in the cab and remarked to her friend that “Mr. Constantine must be leaving town.”

The neighbor of the Gentry’s rang the police.  Even though the police were stationed on street corners leaving the city, and at the train station to look for Constantine, he was able to hawk one of his diamonds for cash, purchase a new hat and disappear. With the help of his mother he was hidden in Brooklyn.

Great grandmother Helen and several other witnesses identified Frank Constantine as the murderer. A grand jury indicted him.

A nationwide manhunt ensued for anyone having an “Italian/Jewish face,” and a trademark gold tooth like that of Frank Constantine’s, according to news articles from those days. Illinois newpapers detail country-wide witnesses giving false leads, false arrests, including a story of a local priest that feared he gave the murderer $5 when he was just trying to help a stranger on the road.

In actuality Constantine was probably not even in the area anymore. Local Chicago headlines joked “You may be arrested for murder today…” because of the number of false arrests around Chicago.

In July, 1906 while visiting a sweetheart near Poughkeepsie, NY, Frank Constantine was apprehended by the local Sheriff. Assistant Chicago Police Chief Schuettler, purportedly a friend of the Kirsch family, as the Tribune made it seem, because Schuettler and Kirsch were both German, had hidden Helen’s identity from the press.  They had been calling her Helen Schrieber for months. Assistant Chief Schuettler sent Helen “Schrieber” to Poughkeepsie alone to identify him.

Unfortunately, the press ended up discovering Helen’s true identity while she was there, because she dropped a receipt for a prescription in her hotel in Poughkeepsie. The Chicago press went to the Kirsch’s home and pestered Helen’s family. The following is an excerpt from The Chicago Tribune dated July 27, 1906 in which her mother Annie Heinzen Kirsch gives a statement:

 

Click on the excerpt to make it bigger and easier for reading.

The Kirsches ended up leaving their home in the care of a neighbor to stay on the other side of the Chicago while the press surrounding Constantine’s capture calmed down.

Positive he was who she thought he was, Helen identified him as Frank Constantine. The next day she sent a telegram to Chicago authorities stating: “There is absolutely no doubt in my mind that the man under arrest here is the man who killed Mrs. Gentry. I know Frank Constantine too well to be mistaken. It is he.” (The Inter-Ocean, July 27, 1906.)

Authorities were prepared to bring him back to Chicago until his roommate at the Gentry house gave him an alibi. Constantine was released. His mother sent him back to her hometown in Italy anyway. There was even a story that Constantine’s mother had him kidnapped to Europe to keep him safe during the previous year.

Meanwhile, new evidence came to light in an older, similar murder in Colorado. Chicago police finally decided to re-apprehend Constantine when a man that had been on a ship with him while they traveled between Europe and America came forward saying he confessed to the murder of Mrs. Gentry.

Over a year after the murder of Mrs. Louise Gentry, and after Constantine had travelled between three continents spending time in Italy and Argentina with the help of his mother, a girl he had loved and left in Brooklyn gave him up to the police. Constantine was apprehended on the docks minutes before he could board a ship to Italy with a ticket his mother had bought for him.

Assistant Chief Schuettler went to NY to bring him back to Chicago himself. The case had gained so much nationwide attention that passengers on the train Schuettler and Constantine boarded in New York to head to Chicago asked for Costantine’s autograph! He refused.

After several more delays, Constantine trial’s started in September, 1907. Helen was one of the witnesses to testify as to the identity of the killer. Constantine took the stand and testified on his own behalf saying Mrs. Gentry committed suicide because she was in love with him and he was leaving. According to newspaper articles, testimony proved the wounds were too severe to be self-inflicted.

The actual criminal case file has since been destroyed by Cook County so no transcript of this case exists. After 2 and ½ hours of jury deliberations, Constantine was found guilty. In 1908 he committed suicide in prison according to this New York Daily News Article.

Helen probably met Carmen around the middle of 1907, based on the photo dated in August of 1907 that she gave to him. It is possible it was at the shoe shine shop frequented by Italians…

Sources:

Newspapers.com

The New York Daily News

Chicago Birth, Marriage, and Death Indexes